EHo$H$mir A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m d¡^dmMr ^yai ~m°[bdyS> {Z_m©Ë`m§Zm nS>br hmoVr. H$mbm§VamZo XheVdmXmMo gmdQ> JS>X Pmbo Am{U {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m dmid§Q>mH$S>o nmR> {\$adbr. A\$Jm{UñVmZmV ^maVr` {MÌnQ>m~Õb Iwn CËgwH$Vm AgyZhr _moR>m MmhVm dJ© Amho. A\$Jm{UñVmZmV eyqQ>JÀ`m H$mimV H$bmH$mam§Zm nmhÊ`mgmR>r JXu ìhm`Mr. AmVm A\$Jm{UñVmZda Vm{b~mZZo dM©ñd {_idbo Agbo Var H$mhr à_mUmV ^y{_H$m ~Xbë`mMm Xmdm Ho$bm OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio qhXr {MÌnQ> {Z_m©Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Amem n„{dV Pmë`m AmhoV.
A\$Jm{UñVmZda Vm{b~mZZo nwÝhm Vm~m {_idë`m_wio OJ^amVrb Xoem§V AñdñWVm ngabr Amho. gÜ`mMr H$m~yb, H§$Xhma ehamVrb {dXmaH$ Ñí` Pmon CS>dUmar AmhoV. _{hbm§daMo {Z~ªY, dmT>Vr Cnmg_ma, _wbm§Mr X`Zr` pñWVr, {damoYH$m§Mo KS>dyZ AmUbo OmUmao hË`mH$m§S> `m KQ>ZoZo A\$Jm{UñVmZMo ^{dVì` nwÝhm A§YH$mamV bmoQ>bo Jobo. EHo$H$mir A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m d¡^dmMr ^yai ~m°[bdyS> {Z_m©Ë`m§Zm nS>br hmoVr. H$mbm§VamZo XheVdmXmMo gmdQ> JS>X Pmbo Am{U {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m dmid§Q>mH$S>o nmR> {\$adbr. A\$Jm{UñVmZmV ^maVr` {MÌnQ>m~Õb Iwn CËgwH$Vm AgyZhr _moR>m MmhVm dJ© Amho. A\$Jm{UñVmZmV eyqQ>JÀ`m H$mimV H$bmH$mam§Zm nmhÊ`mgmR>r JXu ìhm`Mr. 1980-90 À`m XeH$mV A\$Jm{UñVmZ ho ~m°{bdyS>gmR>r _moR>m J«mhH$ hmoVm. qhXr {MÌnQ> nmhUo ho VoWrb g§ñH¥$VrMm ^mJ ~Zbm hmoVm. qhXr JmÊ`mMr bmoH${à`Vm hr AOyZhr H$m`_ Amho. A\$Jm{UñVmZer g§~§Y ÑT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r ~m°{bdyS>Mm _mobmMm dmQ>m Amho. _mÌ Vm{b~mZMo XheVdmXr _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m {damoYmV Amho. g§JrV Am{U {MÌnQ>m§da Ë`m§Zr \w$br _mabobr Amho.
Y_m©Ë_m (1975): A\$Jm{UñVmZMo ~m°{bdyS>er ZmVo Mma XeH$m§nmgyZ Amho. 46 dfm©nydu àX{e©V Pmbobm {\$amoOImZMm Y_m©Ë_m AmOhr {VVH$mM bmoH${à` Amho. A\$Jm{UñVmZmV eyQ> hmoUmam Y_m©Ë_m n{hbm ^maVr` {MÌnQ> hmoVm. `m {MÌnQ>mZo {\$amoO ImZÀ`m H$[a`aMm J«m\$ C§Mmdbm Jobm. `m {MÌnQ>mVrb JrV “Š`m Iy~ bJVr hmo, ~S>r gw§Xa {XIVr hmo’ ho JmUo AmOhr gdmªÀ`m AmoR>mda a|JmiVo. “Y_m©Ë_m’_Ü`o {\$amoOImZ, aoIm, S>°Zr, ho_m_m{bZrgmaIo ñQ>ma hmoVo. 1975 _Ü`o A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m ~m{_`mZ ~wÕm `oWo {MÌnQ>mMr eyqQ>J nma nS>br hmoVr. 2000 À`m XeH$mV Vm{b~mZÀ`m XheVdmÚm§Zr ~m{_`mZ ~wÕmÀ`m {R>H$mUmda h„o Ho$bo. A_o[aHo$bm YS>m {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r ~m{_`mZÀ`m {R>H$mUm§Mr {dQ>§~Zm Ho$br. `m {MÌnQ>mMr Zm{`H$m ho_m_m{bZrZo A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m gÚpñWVrda Xþ:I ì`º$ Ho$bo. {VZo {Q²>dQ>ada Y_m©Ë_mMo nmoñQ>a eoAa Ho$bo AgyZ Ë`mV Vr åhUVo H$s, EH$ AmZ§Xr Am{U em§VVm{à` A\$Jm{UñVmZmV gÜ`m Oo KS>Vo`, Vo AË`§V ŠbofXm`H$ Amho. “Y_m©Ë_m’_Ü`o _r EH$ _Z_m¡Or A\$JmU _wbrMr ^y{_H$m gmH$mabr hmoVr. Ë`mMr g§nyU© eyqQ>J A\$Jm{UñVmVmZ Pmbr hmoVr. VoWo _r _mÂ`m nmbH$m§g_doV ~amM H$mi ì`{VV Ho$bm. {\$amoO ImZ `m§Zr Am_À`mH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo hmoVo, Agohr Vr åhUVo.
IwXm Jdmh (1992): A{_Vm^ ~ƒZ, lrXodr `m§Mm IwXm Jdmh H$moU {dgaob. `m {MÌnQ>mZo ^maVmV X_Xma ì`dgm` Ho$bm hmoVm. `m {MÌnQ>mMr ~hþVm§e eyqQ>J H$m~yb ehamV Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir XoIrb A\$Jm{UñVmZmVrb dmVmdaU VUmdmMo hmoVo. eyqQ>JÀ`m H$mimV VËH$m{bZ AÜ`j _moh§_X Z{O~w„mh `m§Zr A{_Vm^ ~ƒZ `m§À`m gwajogmR>r XoemVrb {Zå_o g¡{ZH$ H$m_mbm bmdbo hmoVo. XþX£dmZo 1996 _Ü`o Vm{b~mZZo A\$Jm{UñVmZda Vm~m {_idë`mZ§Va AÜ`j _moh§_X ZOr~w„mh `m§Zm A{Ve` {ZX©`VoZo _mahmU H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U H$m~ybÀ`m EH$m Mm¡H$mV Ë`m§Zm \$mgmda MT>dbo. `m {MÌnQ>mg§~§Yr 2013 _Ü`o A{_Vm^ ~ƒZ `m§Zr EH$m _wbmIVrV AmR>dUr eoAa Ho$ë`m. gmopìh`V g§KmZo H$mhr H$mimnyduM Z{O~w„mh Ah_XOB© `m§À`mH$S>o gÎmm gmondbr hmoVr. Vo qhXr {MÌnQ>mMo MmhVo hmoVo. Vo Amåhmbm eyqQ>JXaå`mZ ^oQ>bo Am{U Iyn AmXam{VÏ` Ho$bo. Amåhmbm bmoH$m§Zr hm°Q>ob_Ü`o amhÿ {Xbo Zmhr. bmoH$m§Zr Am_À`mgmR>r Ka gmoS>bo Am{U EH$m bhmZ KamV amhÊ`mgmR>r Jobmo. IwXm Jdmh hm A\$Jm{UñVmZmV gdm©{YH$ nm{hbm Jobobm {MÌnQ> Amho. A{_Vm^ ~ƒZ `m§Mr AmB© VoOr ~ƒZ `m§Zm eyqQ>JÀ`m H$mimV A{_Vm^ Am{U lrXodr `m§Mr H$miOr dmQ>V hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr {Z_m©Ë`m~Õb ZmamOrhr ì`º$ Ho$br. Oa _mÂ`m _wbmbm H$mhr Pmbo Va, Aem eãXmV Ë`m§Zr H$miOr ì`º$ Ho$br hmoVr. ^maVmVrb A\$Jm{UñVmZMo VËH$m{bZ amOXÿV emBXm _moh§_X AãXmbr `m§Zr EH$m _wbmIVrV åhQ>bo H$s, A\$Jm{UñVmZmV A{_Vm^ `m§Mo Iyn MmhVo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Z Iyn _mZ gÝ_mZ XoÊ`mV Ambm. eyqQ>JÀ`m H$mimV VËH$m{bZ AÜ`j Z{O~w„mh `m§À`m _wbrZo d{S>bm§H$S>o EH$ {dZ§Vr Ho$br H$s, EH$ {Xdg Var g§Kf© H$ê$ ZH$m. A{_Vm^ ~ƒZ `m§Zm H$m~yb ehamV {\$aVm `mdo, åhUyZ Z{O~w„mh `m§Zr `wÕ[dam_ Omhra Ho$bm.
OmZerZ (2003): \$a{XZ ImZ Am{U go{bZm OoQ>brMm OmZerZ {MÌnQ>mMm BWo C„oI H$aVm `oB©b. 2003 _Ü`o àX{e©V Pmboë`m {MÌnQ>mMm 20 Q>¸o$ ^mJ A\$Jm{UñVmZmV eyQ> Pmbm hmoVm. eyqQ>JÀ`m H$mimV Vm{b~mZ Am{U A\$Jm{UñVmZMo g¡{ZH$ `m§À`mV K_mgmZ `wÕ gwê$ hmoVo. Varhr {\$amoO ImZ `m§Zr OmoIr_ CMbV `m {MÌnQ>mMr eyqQ>J Ho$br.
H$m~yb EŠñàog: 2006 _Ü`o àX{e©V Pmbobm H$m~yb EŠñàog_Ü`o Om°Z B~«m{h_ Am{U Ae©X dmagr `m§Zr ^maVr` nÌH$mamMr ^y{_H$m dR>dbr hmoVr. {X½Xe©H$ H$~ra ImZ `m§Zr gm§{JVbo H$s, eyqQ>JÀ`m H$mimV Vm{b~mZZo {MÌnQ>mÀ`m g§nyU© `y{ZQ>bm CS>dyZ XoÊ`mMr Y_H$s {Xbr. ñ\$moQ> KS>dyZ AmUy, Agm Bemam {Xbm hmoVm. Varhr eyqQ>J gwê$M am{hbr. hm g§nyU© {MÌnQ> A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m pñWVrda ~oVbobm Amho. {MÌnQ>mVrb A\$JmU H$bmH$ma hZr\$Mo Vm{b~mZZo AnhaU Ho$boo hmoVo. eyqQ>JXaå`mZ A\$JmU gaH$maZo H$S>H$ gwajm ì`dñWm nwadbr hmoVr. hm {MÌnQ> [a{bO Pmbm Voìhm Vm{b~mZMr XheV g§nbr hmoVr. `m {MÌnQ>mMr AZoH$ eyqQ>J J«rZ n°bog, ~mbm {hñgma \$moQ>©, Xmê$b A_Z n°bog Am{U n§Oera Imoè`mV Pmbr Amho.
EO§Q> {dZmoX (2012): g¡\$ Abr ImZ Am{U H$arZm H$nya `m§À`m {MÌnQ>mVrb H$mhr Ñí` A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m dmid§Q>mVrb AmhoV. H$mhr Ñí` XñV E _Jm}`oWo gmH$mabo AmhoV. {MÌnQ>mV Amnë`mbm dmiyMo {T>Jmao {XgVmV.
Vmoa~mO (2020): Vmoa~mO hm gdm©V AbrH$S>Mm A\$Jm{UñVmZmV eyQ> Pmbobm qhXr {MÌnQ>. {Zdm©{gVmÀ`m N>mdUrV amhUmam _wbJm AmË_KmVr nWH$mV H$gm gm_rb hmoVmo, Ago {MÌnQ>mMo H$WmZH$ Amho. `mV g§O` XÎm, Z{J©g \$mH$ar `m§Mr ^y{_H$m hmoVr. g§nyU© {MÌnQ> A\$Jm{UñVmZmV V`ma Pmbm Amho. {~íHo$H$ Am{U {H${J©ñVmZ `oWo eyqQ>J Pmbr Amho.
~m°{bdyS>Mo eyqQ>JÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo A\$Jm{UñVmZer ZmVo Agbo Var H$mhr H$bmH$ma OÝ_mZo A\$JmUr am{hbo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m{df`r BWo C„oI H$aVm `oB©b.
H$mXaImZ: 1990 À`m XeH$mVrb à{gÕ A{^ZoVo H$mXa ImZMr AmR>dU AmOhr H$moQ>çdYr MmhVo H$mT>VmV. Ë`m§Mm A{^Z`, g§dmX\o$H$, nQ>H$Wm boIZZo ~m°{bdyS>da N>mn nS>br Amho. {deof åhUOo H$mXaImZ `m§Mm OÝ_ H$m~yb ehamV Pmbm Amho. Ë`m§Mo d{S>b H§$XhmaMo Va AmB© ~bw{MñVmZMr a{hdmgr hmoVr. H$mbm§VamZo Ë`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ ^maVmV Ambo Am{U _w§~B©V ñWm{`H$ Pmbo.
gbr_ ImZ: à{gÕ nQ>H$Wm boIH$ gbr_ ImZ `m§Mo A\$Jm{UñVmZer K{Zï> ZmVo Amho. Ë`mMo nUOmo~m A\$Jm{UñVmZmVrb VUmdm_wio ^maVmV niyZ Ambo hmoVo. Voìhm A\$Jm{UñVmZmV `mXdr `wÕmZo AZmJm|Xr _mObr hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m nUOmo~m§Zr ^maVmV `oÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.
{\$amoO ImZ: {\$amoO ImZ `m§Zm H$moU AmoiIV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr ~m°{bdyS>bm AZoH$ gwnaSw>na {MÌnQ> {Xbo AmhoV. {\$amoO ImZ ho A\$Jm{UñVmZMo nR>mU hmoVo. A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m ào_mnmoQ>rM Ë`m§Zr Y_m©Ë_m Am{U OmZ{eZ {MÌnQ>mMr eyqQ>J H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g XmIdbo.
Vm{b~mZZo AmVm A\$Jm{UñVmZda dM©ñd {_idbo Agbo Var H$mhr à_mUmV ^y{_H$m ~Xbë`mMm Xmdm Ho$bm OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio qhXr {MÌnQ> {Z_m©Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Amem n„{dV Pmë`m AmhoV. Vm{b~mZMm àdº$m gwhob em{hZ `m§Zr åhQ>bo H$s, A\$Jm{UñVmZer gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmU hr H¥$Vr Am{U YmoaUm§da Adb§~yZ Amho. Oa AmnU gH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rZo A\$Jm{UñVmZmV Ambm Va Amåhr XoIrb gH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rZoM nmhÿ. ^maVmZo ~m§Ybobo ~§Ymao Agmo qH$dm A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r am~dboë`m AÝ` `moOZm Agmo, Ë`mMo Amåhr ñdmJV H$ê$. A\$Jm{UñVmZmVrb eyqQ>J~m~V emhrZ `mZo \$mago _V _m§S>bo Zmhr. Ë`mda AmVmM H$moUVohr ^mî` H$ê$ BpÀN>V Zmhr, Ago Vmo åhUVmo. gÜ`m Am_Mo àmYmÝ` em§VVm Am{U amï´>r` EH$Vobm Amho. ~mH$s Jmoï>r ^{dî`mda gmoSy>Z XoD$.
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